Recycled PLA Shows Highly Variable Strength https://ift.tt/2uuI2vm 3D printing, as well as 4D printing, have opened up an ever-expanding realm of hardware, software, and unique methods for constructing complex geometries. Along with that though also comes a vast array of materials which is continually growing—but many researchers and engineers still use the old standbys like ABS and PLA. Efforts to recycle 3D printed items are a constant source of study too, as researchers worry about the amount of plastic that could be left sitting in landfills, even if it is eventually biodegradable, as is the case with PLA. In ‘A comparison between mechanical properties of specimens 3D printed with virgin and recycled PLA,’ Italian researchers Antonio Lanzottia, Massimo Martorelli, Saverio Maietta, Salvatore Gerbino, Francesco Penta, and Antonio Gloria further explore the realities of using recycled PLA for functional parts. PLA is popular in comparison to ABS because it is a bio based polymer. The authors point out that composting the material is probably not a very realistic solution due to the amount of time it takes parts to degrade. But, what if we could recycle PLA? How feasible is this and how does this affect the material? What happens to mechanical strength of material that has been recycled—especially if it has been recycled repeatedly:
Further studies also showed that weakening in mechanical properties was minimal in recycled PLA, motivating the authors to form an intense study comparing both virgin PLA and recycled PLA, testing both interlaminar properties and short-beam strength. PLA samples were printed at 200°C using a Prusa I3, with a .4 mm nozzle. The first set was tested, then ground up and recycled with a homemade extruder into 1.75 mm material. It was then used to make new samples for mechanical property testing. The researchers included three different recycling phases, with testing for short-beam strength on both virgin and recycled material. They noted that the PLA recycled once and even twice over was not ‘significantly’ affected in short-beam strength, but after that it did experience substantial degradation. In the samples that had been recycled three times, there was ‘great variability.’ In conclusion, the researchers offered more specific data:
3D printing, in existence since the 80s, has only just begun to really hit its stride—and the study of materials science has become of substantial interest to many, whether they are interested in using PLA or recycled materials to create items like energy storage devices, prosthetics, sustainable thermoplastics, and so much more. What do you think of this news? Let us know your thoughts! Join the discussion of this and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com. [Source / Images: A comparison between mechanical properties of specimens 3D printed with virgin and recycled PLA] Printing via 3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing https://3dprint.com March 26, 2019 at 02:15AM
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AFRL and University Partners Used 3D Printed Composite Materials to Make Structural Parts https://ift.tt/2JBFllN The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB) near my hometown of Dayton, Ohio, has long been interested in using 3D printing and composite materials for the purposes of aerospace applications. Last year, AFRL’s Composites Branch at the Materials and Manufacturing Directorate partnered up with researchers from the University of Arkansas, the University of Miami in Florida, Louisiana Tech University, and the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) to work on advancing 3D printable composite materials. The Composites Branch works on the research and development of organic and ceramic matrix composite technologies for legacy, developmental, and future Air Force system components. Together with its university partners, the AFRL branch demonstrated 3D printed composite materials, made from a combination of carbon fiber and epoxy, which had been successfully fabricated and used to make structural parts on both air and space craft. The results of this 3D printed composite material effort will soon be published in a special issue of the Journal of Experimental Mechanics that’s dedicated to the mechanics of 3D printed materials.
Composite materials are made up of two, or sometimes more, constituent materials that have very different chemical or physical properties. When combined, these components produce a new material that has characteristics which are different from the originals. The individual components that make up the composite will remain distinctly separated within the final material structure. When compared to the more low-quality polymers that are typically used in 3D printers, the composite materials demonstrated by AFRL and its partners are the same type that are already being used to make Air Force system components. These materials are very strong, while also lightweight, and have higher thermal and environmental durability than most. Most traditional epoxy and carbon fiber composites are made by layering carbon fiber sheets, coated with epoxy resin, on top of each other. Then, the whole thing is cooked for hours in a costly pressure cooker to finish. The major downside to this method is that it’s more difficult to create parts that have complex shapes when sheets are being used. This is where additive manufacturing comes in. Composite materials that are 3D printed are able to create parts with those complex shapes, and additionally don’t require the use of long heating cycles or expensive pressure cookers. On a materials level, there aren’t a whole lot of downsides to using composites for the purposes of producing, assembling, or repairing parts for the Air Force, whether at the depot or out in the field. Military branches in other countries are also seeing the benefit of 3D printable composite materials. For example, engineers in India are manufacturing complex core structures using the composite 3D printing process; when combined with top and bottom face sheets, these structures will create lightweight sandwich structures that have properties tailored specifically to, as AFRL put it, “the physical forces that need to be carried.” Conventionally fabricated sandwich structures use the same core geometries over the entire area of an aircraft skin, but a 3D printed version would be able to stand up under heavier forces when necessary, while also remaining lightweight in other parts of the skin. Discuss this story and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com or share your thoughts in the Facebook comments below. [Source: Dayton Daily News] Printing via 3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing https://3dprint.com March 26, 2019 at 12:51AM 3DPrint.com Offers So Much More Than Just the Latest 3D Printing News https://ift.tt/2uuj5QF Here at 3DPrint.com, we do our best to keep you up to date on all of the most important things happening in the industry today. Whether it’s current business news, a breakthrough research project or exciting new product, series on important topics, or the latest events, we’re here to tell you about it. But, we’re not just news – we also offer giveaways, surveys, and so much more! For instance, 3DR Holdings, the owner of the website, recently acquired an interest in SmarTech Markets Publishing, which is the leading industry analysis firm in the additive manufacturing sector. It’s the only firm that provides granular market analysis for the 3D printing industry, and offers up yearly reviews, along with market reports on a wide range of topics, from materials and bioprinting to 3D printing software, metals, and the complete range of vertical markets for additive manufacturing. If you click on the Research tab at the top of our homepage, you’ll go straight to the SmarTech Analysis page, where you can browse reports and infographics to your heart’s content. Speaking of SmarTech, the Events tab on our homepage includes a link to the Additive Manufacturing Strategies site, a yearly summit that 3DPrint.com co-hosts with the industry analysis firm. We are also both joining this summer’s Inside 3D Printing in Seoul, South Korea as co-producers. We also have a place on our website where you access white papers from important industry players, like Stratasys and Formlabs, browse old webcasts, and sign up for our popular online training courses. Our next class, “Filaments, Materials and Software Considerations for 3D Printing,” starts tomorrow and will teach you about programs and tools you can use to build an exciting design project from scratch. Additionally, as a bonus, if you register for our latest course, you’ll get free access to our past lessons on related topics so you can keep building your skill set. Another great feature 3DPrint.com offers is a Jobs board, which is linked to a career portal for 3D printing recruiting company Alexander Daniels Global. This board includes jobs from all 3D printing and advanced manufacturing disciplines in cities all around the US, including Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Seattle, and other countries as well, such as Canada, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, and Spain. Here’s just a small offering of the many available positions being advertised on our Jobs board right now:
One of the best, and fastest growing, features on 3DPrint.com is our online shop. We currently offer 3D printers from G3D and Dynamism, the latter of which will also provide installation and training on-site and through webinars. You can also purchase 1.75 mm and 2.85 mm spools of 3DPrint.com’s own brand of filament on the shop. Facilan C8, a novel material with higher impact strength than PLA and higher tensile strength than ABS, is available for $44.50 a spool, while high gloss Facilan HT can be purchased for $42.75. If you’re interested in 3D scanners or books about 3D printing, our shop provides the latest search results from Amazon. If custom 3D printed fashion is what you’re looking for, we’ve got two vendors: Wiivv and its 3D printed shoes and insoles and the King Children app, which provides fashionable 3D printed prescription eyewear at a relatively affordable price. 3DPrint.com’s online shop also features two professional 3D printing service providers: Treatstock and 3DCompare.com. Both of these services are easy to use: simply upload your 3D model, customize it, finalize delivery, and checkout. So remember – the next time you’re in need of something in the 3D printing industry other than news, be it filament, an online course, or a job, visit 3DPrint.com. Discuss this and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com or share your thoughts below. Printing via 3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing https://3dprint.com March 25, 2019 at 10:27PM WACKER Opens New ACEO Open 3D Print Lab at Ann Arbor Facility https://ift.tt/2HTSlkC Munich-based WACKER is known for their expertise in manufacturing and supplying chemicals and materials to industry leaders. They are now adding to their silicone research and development facility in Ann Arbor, Michigan, dedicated a portion of it to an ACEO® Open Print Lab. With 3D printers already on site, they will be advising on additive manufacturing with a range of silicone rubber materials, varying in Shore A hardnesses and color. WACKER considers the ACEO products to be pioneering technology, based on use of their silicone materials. ACEO techniques rely on their proprietary 3D printers, developed at WACKER, along with accompanying software and materials. All their unique methods have been rigorously tested for 3D printing ‘highly viscous’ silicone polymers which are used in ‘drop-on-demand’ processes, suitable for the following applications:
The Michigan site follows the success of the world’s first 3D printing web shop opened by WACKER in 2017, and then the WACKER ACEO Open Print Lab in Burghausen, Germany, in 2017—where customers have been able to find out exactly how the use of silicone rubber and 3D printing can further manufacturing and industrial endeavors. With the popularity of that lab, they realized the need for a similar forum within North America. The Open Print Lab, meant to offer a local presence and AM solutions to other users and businesses, will host tutorials as well as giving hands-on training to customers interested in 3D printing with silicone.
Headed by Lab Manager Sarah Burke, (previously at the Silicones R&D Center in fundamental product research for construction applications and consumer care), the lab will be equipped with two 3D printers, where ACEO’s manufacturing technology will be used for training and developing—exposing other users and companies to its usefulness in serial manufacturing and affordable production of replacement parts, or those that have become obsolete. Workshops will be offered to small groups of four or less, who will experience personal training in both theoretical and hands-on 3D printing education, from the basics to advanced design.
Are you interested in finding out more about a workshop? If so, register for training tailored to your needs at the ACEO campus in Ann Arbor, and find out more here. Find out more about other innovations we have covered regarding silicone, for items like insoles, conductive materials, or even soft robotic grippers What do you think of this news? Let us know your thoughts! Join the discussion of this and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com. [Source / Images: WACKER/ ACEO] VIDEO Printing via 3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing https://3dprint.com March 25, 2019 at 03:48PM 3D Printing is Leading the Custom-made Evolution to Make Your Things Better Fit You https://ift.tt/2OoJMzj 3D printing is becoming a disruptive technology and will soon be leaving some big names wondering: ‘Why didn’t I think of this first?’. Prototypes and end-use parts made with 3D printing are taking in a chunk out of some of the most profitable industries, such as healthcare, aerospace, fashion and footwear (just to name a few). Especially when a customized fit is a key factor 3D printing is making huge gains. Having conquered the In The Ear hearing aid market in around 36 months, can 3D printing do the same with other product categories? One of the most recent possibilities is eyewear. Fuel3D (a provider of 3D capture and measurement solutions) has just completed the largest ever consumer study into how 3D fitted eyewear is costing opticians and eyewear retailers 26 billion dollars a year. According to the report Delivering a Fitted Experience in Eyewear, poor fitting eyewear impacts brands and how people shop. The report delves into the importance of fit on buyer experience in the United Kingdom and United States markets and shows that more than one in four adults struggle to find eyewear that fits and as a result more than half (55%) end up leaving eyewear stores empty handed. Also, nearly half of eyewear purchases are returned or have to be adjusted due to poor fit, resulting in further negative financial impacts.
Despite eyewear’s increasing prominence in fashion, when buying glasses or sunglasses, fit is the most important factor. Out of 4,536 adults in the UK and the US who participated in the study, 44% said they prioritise fit, 33% price and 23% style. And while faced with a bewildering choice of frames, both online and in-store, one in three adults don’t like shopping for eyewear or visiting the optician and one in five don’t like having to try on different frames, highlighting the need to improve the customer experience. Almost 90% of people would happily try something different if they could find the right fit. This is where 3D printing makes a disruptive move. Fuel3D has developed FitsYou, an innovative 3D capture and fitting platform that harnesses the power of AR and AI to empower opticians and retailers to provide a superior personalised service through best-fit recommendations and fully customised eyewear, in-store and online. Through a personal 3D facial scan they can deliver a more accurate and better fitting experience.
In addition to struggling to find the right fit, the study show that the biggest bugbears when buying eyewear are:
In every industry where custom manufacturing is needed, 3D printing is becoming more essential. Many startups are growing by making 3D printing technology the core of their business model, defying traditional manufacturing and service providers for the customer-perfect fit. Like Mani.me, a Palo Alto-based startup that uses 3D printing to create ready-to-wear designer manicures taylor made to their customers with 3D scanning. Other companies like, Ministry of Supply, best-known for their alternative approach to solving the most common complaints people have with their clothing, are using 3D printing to engineer their knits with a pattern that takes into account your joints, and other areas that get the most strain on during the day. Feetz, a company that makes custom 3D printed shoes, one of many trying to reap in profits from the billion dollar athletic footwear market, which according to the last Grand View Research report from last year, size in this industry is expected to reach 95.14 billion dollars by 2025, still, it is hard to tell what percent of that will go to 3D printed shoes. But the sporting industry immersion into 3D printing does not end there, Autodesk and researchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) are currently collaborating to print football helmets and Royal DSM is 3D printing a mouthguard. That is one of the sporting market products which might just need the most accuracy and perzonalization, to avoid it from falling out or fitting poorly resulting in an injury. Other endeavours include customized golf clubs, lacrosse sticks and tennis rackets. Similarly, 3D dental milling technology can deliver products faster than any lab, and with over 500 startups, it is now possible to get an accurate 3D model of the patient’s teeth and 3D dental restoration. A report from SmarTech Publishing expects that revenues in 3D printed dentistry will grow to $3.7 billion by 2021, that’s 10% out of the entire global dental medical technology market. On another front, the World Health Organization estimates that there are over 30 million people worldwide in need of artificial prosthetic limbs and braces, yet less than 20% have them. This is a crucial area of healthcare where 3D printing has been making mayor headlines. Traditionally, the process of getting a prosthetic limb can take anywhere from weeks to months. But as 3D printers become more affordable, having a prosthetic limb might not be considered a luxury anymore. Many startups are developing bionic prosthesis and exoskeletons and open-source initiatives such as The Enable Community Foundation lets anyone with a 3D printer customize and create a prosthetic hand. So commercially made prosthetics, that could cost well over 5,000 dollars, are down to 50 or even free, thanks to NGO’s. With the 3D printing medical devices market that could be worth U$S 1.88 billion by 2022, it customizable healthcare sounds like a good bet. 2018 was a good year for additive manufacturing. According to the most recent Wohlers Report, in 2017, the industry, consisting of all AM products and services worldwide, grew 21% to $7.336 billion, while a surprising number of large 1 to 5 billion dollar companies (many of which are unfamiliar to most of us) are investing in AM research and development. With this technology being so disruptive, we should see even more ways to incorporate it into the product development and manufacturing operations of most companies aiming to make taylor made products, but according to Wohlers there are still some challenges holding the process back from complete widespread adoption. Limitations such as equipment costs, limited materials, post-processing requirements and lack of expertise or training among workforce employees are retarding 3D printing’s growth. Actually, according to manufacturing solutions provider Jabil, various industries are embracing 3D printing for fully-functional production parts or customized products and for all other industries exploring opportunities with additive manufacturing, business disruption is inevitable. However, their 2017 3D Printing Trends Report also shows that 96% of manufacturing stakeholders responsible for 3D printing at their organization report facing challenges, like a lack of in-house expertise, high cost of system equipment and of materials. Perhaps, it will take a few more years for the disruption initiative to finally cut through many more industries and their profits, but at this rate, most experts are certain that it will happen eventually. Printing via 3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing https://3dprint.com March 25, 2019 at 11:06AM Berkeley Researchers Studying Progress & Challenges in 4D Printing https://ift.tt/2HSQPyQ While 3D printing allows for many users to create complex geometries not before possible, 4D printing does that and more with materials and textures that respond to their environment and then revert to their original shape when exposed to other features like temperature. Zhizhou Zhang, Kahramen G. Demir, and Grace X. Gu (all from University of California, Berkeley) explore 4D printing and all its surrounding details in ‘Developments in 4D-printing: a review on current smart materials, technologies, and applications.’ As the authors point out, 4D printing has continued to progress with further inventions in technique and materials. This gives it even more potential in applications like self-constructing structures, medical devices, and soft robotics, although there are still obstacles. FDM and SLA 3D printing are most commonly used for creating 4D objects made of metamaterials that can be flexible or cushioning as needed, good for products like lifters, microtubes, robotics, and toys too.
Currently, the classes of materials being used in 4D printing are:
Self-construction structures are one of the most promising areas of 4D printing, with items such as self-folding cubes offering the potential for changing the world of packaging forever due to shape memory effect. Other important devices include self-rolled cylindrical tubes constructed with even distributed smart polymer grids.
One of the main benefits of 4D printing is in how it can control materials, with researchers continuing to make progress in this area. 4D printed materials are already being used in the medical field for devices such as prosthetics, implants, splints, stents, and even pharmaceuticals and targeted drug delivery. As 3D continues to be paired with robots—whether in making parts for them or in creating robots that can operate 3D printers—taking it to the next level in soft robotics with 4D printing is logical:
Objects printed with complex geometries and no need for support structures or excessive post-processing procedures are made possible with some inkjet printing techniques also—allowing for the creation of durable actuators. Current challenges in 4D printing are substantial though, including most hardware and materials, restrictions in mechanical properties, ‘slow and inaccurate actuation,’ along with insufficient control of varying phases of deformation.
The 4D realm continues to expand—and fascinate users everywhere—with innovations that not only form to their environments, but provide users and industry with exactly what they need in a wide range of applications whether for artistic endeavors, microfluidic structures, or seating for luxury vehicles. What do you think of this news? Let us know your thoughts! Join the discussion of this and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com.
[Source / Image: ‘ Developments in 4D-printing: a review on current smart materials, technologies, and applications’] Printing via 3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing https://3dprint.com March 25, 2019 at 10:54AM
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Katherine Plumb – KJP https://ift.tt/2CBRf9n Katherine Plumb is a textile designer and artist, working with screen printing. After graduating from Central Saint Martins in 2016, she joined a south London print studio where she continued to develop her style and work, selling textile goods and limited edition prints under the name KJP. After working on a range of large-scale commissioned pieces, Katherine was approached by the Victoria and Albert museum to create an installation in 2017 – one of her favourite projects so far. At the end of 2017 she moved to Stockholm and opened up her own print studio six months later, finding that there were limited options for printers and also for the public to learn about screen printing. Here she continues to print her own work, while also printing for others and offering studio memberships/workshops for the public. www.studiokjp.com Printing via People of Print https://ift.tt/2DhgcW7 March 25, 2019 at 06:10AM
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Toucan Tango https://ift.tt/2TWsn6Z Toucan Tango are a Merseyside based screen printing duo who create screenprinted gifts to make people smile. They share a love of everything bold and colourful, as illustrated in their energetic gig posters, vibrant greeting cards and art prints. They have developed everything from pin badges, coasters and pillows with an aim to always be designing and making new and inspiring products. The duo have an ethos for sustainability and only print on 100% recycled card. Recently, they have started to explore making their own paints from organic materials such as coffee. Throughout the year you can find them at print fairs, festivals and music events up and down the UK. They have upcoming events at Manchester Print Fair, and they’ll also be live screen printing at the BBC 6 Music Festival. Be sure to keep an eye out for upcoming exciting announcements about another project they help organise: Gigs & Graphics. You can catch Toucan Tango at their first solo exhibition at Buyers Club, Liverpool until 6th May. Apply to become a verified People of Print member here. Printing via People of Print https://ift.tt/2DhgcW7 March 25, 2019 at 05:41AM Rutgers Engineers 4D Printing Smart MetaMaterials for Industrial Applications https://ift.tt/2Yj0XXs Engineers at Rutgers University–New Brunswick are advancing beyond the realm of 3D printing, now fabricating smart materials in 4D that will transform as needed, according to their environment. Such structures could become transforming for numerous high-level applications, with shock-absorbing materials that will change as needed, for use in examples such as: aircraft or drone design for parts like wings that need to self-alter for varying performance, soft robotics meant to perform a wide range of tasks, and tiny, minimally invasive medical implants. Findings regarding this latest research are outlined in ‘4D Printing Reconfigurable, Deployable and Mechanically Tunable Metamaterials.’ As the researchers explain, most metamaterials, as exotic and mechanically-tuned as they may be, are composed of fixed properties and are not able to adapt to many of the specific needs that users have today. With so much progressive technology at our fingertips, it really doesn’t seem to be too much to ask for materials to bend to our will. The Rutgers scientists don’t disappoint here either, creating complex geometries that are:
Typical triggers in 4D printed materials are changes in temperature, exposure to moisture, and the amount of time elapsed. Materials, often made with different polymer-like substances, will remain rigid if pushed down—or they can become pliable and absorbent, functioning to absorb impact and shock. The scientists working on the project say that such materials can be transformed and deformed—and then they will revert upon exposure to heat.
While 3D printing is still taking the world by storm, from the DIY crowd to the upper echelons of industrial manufacturing from GE to NASA, technology has already evolved to the next level with 4D printing. Just as 3D printing offers the potential for incredible customization, like medical innovations that will allow for patient-specific care, 4D printing allows for materials to morph into desired shapes and textures for creations such as load-bearing structures, seating in luxury vehicles, and so much more—to include many forays into fashion like clothing and wearables. What do you think of this news? Let us know your thoughts! Join the discussion of this and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com. [Source / Images: Rutgers news release] VIDEO Printing via 3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing https://3dprint.com March 25, 2019 at 02:24AM Researchers Evaluate 3D Printed Mandibular Grafts for Effectiveness as Implants https://ift.tt/2FxdajY Researchers outline findings from their recent study in ‘Analysis of biomechanical behavior of 3D printed mandibular graft with porous scaffold structure designed by topological optimization.’ Their main point is that in past years there have been glaring improvements needed for implants such as those created for the lower area of the jaw known as the mandible, due to hazards like patient rejection and infection. While the mandible allows for successful mastication, it also lends solidity to the facial structure along the jawline. When an issue such as a tumor or infection arises and requires portions of it to be cut out, this can interfere with chewing as well as the patient’s appearance, which often has a close emotional connection to their identity. As implants are needed to help with jaw movement and aesthetics, complications often occur. This is common with anything artificial placed into the human body. Infection can easily occur, or the body may reject the implant, and especially if it is ill-fitting or ill-designed.
One of the greatest benefits in 3D design and 3D printing, especially as it relates to the medical field, is the potential for creating patient-specific medical treatment and devices. The researchers point to current successes with such procedures, using implants created via FDM 3D printing and PLA as the material. Bioprinting with live cells generally takes success to another level as use of the patient’s own cells reduces the chances of rejection even further. Here, they used cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to create a mandible—with one part acting as a control group and other blocks as experimental groups. Samples were printed with PLA, at 0, 45, and 90 degrees. 3D design of the mandible was created using Mimics software. The porous scaffold structures were comprised of defined mesh configurations, and an intricately connected microporous network. 3D printing of multiple sample grafts was completed on a CEL Robox 3D printer, with a 210 × 150 × 100 mm build space. The samples were then submitted to testing as the researchers examined how anisotropy affected the grafts, and their mechanical properties.
A three-point-bending jig was used to test the 3D printed beams:
Direction of 3D printing was shown to have definite effect on mechanical properties at a 0-degree angle, with strains and cracking appearing as the load increased. The researchers obtained similar results with beams printed at 45-degree angles. This was not the case at 90 degrees though.
Overall testing showed that the 3D printed grafts offer required strength, stiffness, and porosity for such applications discussed by the researchers in their paper.
Find out more about materials being used today to 3D print implants and other devices. The key to these innovations is that they are patient-specific, offering a new level of care, with orthopedic implants, dental implants, and even devices made specifically for veterinary care. Discuss this article and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com. [Source / Images: ‘ Analysis of biomechanical behavior of 3D printed mandibular graft with porous scaffold structure designed by topological optimization’] Printing via 3DPrint.com | The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing https://3dprint.com March 25, 2019 at 01:24AM |
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